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ABOUT MOLD
What are Molds?
Molds are simple, microscopic organisms, present virtually everywhere, indoors and outdoors. Molds, along with mushrooms and yeasts, are fungi and are needed to break down dead material and recycle nutrients in the environment. For molds to grow and reproduce, they need only a food source any organic material, such as leaves, wood, paper, or dirt and moisture. Because molds grow by digesting the organic material, they gradually destroy whatever they grow on. Sometimes, new molds grow on old mold colonies. Mold growth on surfaces can often be seen in the form of discoloration, frequently green, gray, brown, or black but also white and other colors. Molds release countless tiny, lightweight spores, which travel through the air.
How am I exposed to indoor molds?
Everyone is exposed to some mold on a daily basis without evident harm. It is common to find mold spores in the air inside homes, and most of the airborne spores found indoors come from outdoor sources. Mold spores primarily cause health problems when they are present in large numbers and people inhale many of them. This occurs primarily when there is active mold growth within home, office or school where people live or work. People can also be exposed to mold by touching contaminated materials and by eating contaminated foods.
Can mold become a problem in my home?
Molds will grow and multiply whenever conditions are right sufficient moisture is available and organic material is present. Be on the lookout in your home for common sources of indoor moisture that may lead to mold problems:
Flooding
Leaky roofs
Sprinkler spray hitting the house
Plumbing leaks
Overflow from sinks or sewers
Damp basement or crawl space
Steam from shower or cooking
Humidifiers
Wet clothes drying indoors or clothes dryers exhausting indoors
Warping floors and discoloration of walls and ceilings can be indications of moisture problems. Condensation on windows or walls is also an important indication, but it can sometimes be caused by an indoor combustion problem! Have fuel-burning appliances routinely inspected by your local utility or a professional heating contractor.
Should I be concerned about mold in my home?
Yes, if indoor mold contamination is extensive, it can cause very high and persistent airborne spore exposures. Persons exposed to high spore levels can become sensitized and develop allergies to the mold or other health problems. Mold growth can damage your furnishings, such as carpets, sofas and cabinets. Clothes and shoes in damp closets can become soiled. In time, unchecked mold growth can cause serious damage to the structural elements in your home.
HEALTH EFFECTS
What symptoms are commonly seen with mold exposure?
Molds produce health effects through inflammation, allergy, or infection. Allergic reactions (often referred to as hay fever) are most common following mold exposure. Typical symptoms that mold-exposed persons report (alone or in combination) include:
Respiratory problems, such as wheezing, difficulty breathing, and shortness of breath
Nasal and sinus congestion
Eye irritation (burning, watery, or reddened eyes)
Dry, hacking cough
Nose or throat irritation
Skin rashes or irritation
Headaches, memory problems, mood swings, nosebleeds, body aches and pains, and fevers are occasionally reported in mold cases, but their cause is not understood.
How much mold can make me sick?
It depends. For some people, a relatively small number of mold spores can trigger an asthma attack or lead to other health problems. For other persons, symptoms may occur only when exposure levels are much higher. Nonetheless, indoor mold growth is unsanitary and undesirable. Basically, if you can see or smell mold inside your home, take steps to identify and eliminate the excess moisture and to cleanup and remove the mold.
Mold in My Home: What Do I Do?
Are some molds more hazardous than others?
Allergic persons vary in their sensitivities to mold, both as to the amount and the types to which they react. In addition to their allergic properties, certain types of molds, such as Stachybotris chartarum, may produce compounds that have toxic properties, which are called mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are not always produced, and whether a mold produces mycotoxins while growing in a building depends on what the mold is growing on, conditions such as temperature, pH, humidity or other unknown factors. When mycotoxins are present, they occur in both living and dead mold spores and may be present in materials that have become contaminated with molds. While Stachybotrys is growing, a wet slime layer covers its spores, preventing them from becoming airborne. However, when the mold dies and dries up, air currents or physical handling can cause spores to become airborne. At present there is no environmental test to determine whether Stachybotrys growth found in buildings is producing toxins. There is also no blood or urine test that can establish if an individual has been exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum spores or its toxins.
Who is at greater risk when exposed to mold?
Exposure to mold is not healthy for anyone inside buildings. Therefore, it is always best to identify and correct high moisture conditions quickly before mold grows and health problems develop. Some people may have more severe symptoms or become ill more rapidly than others:
Individuals with existing respiratory conditions, such as allergies, chemical sensitivities, or asthma.
Persons with weakened immune systems (such as people with HIV infection, cancer chemotherapy patients, and so forth)
Infants and young children
The elderly
Anyone with health problems they believe due to molds should consult a medical professional.
DETECTION OF MOLD
How can I tell if I have mold in my house?
You may suspect that you have mold if you see discolored patches or cottony or speckled growth on walls or furniture or if you smell an earthy or musty odor. You also may suspect mold contamination if mold-allergic individuals experience some of the symptoms listed above when in the house. Evidence of past or ongoing water damage should also trigger more thorough inspection. You may find mold growth underneath water-damaged surfaces or behind walls, floors or ceilings.
Should I test my home for mold?
Yes, if you suspect mold in your home you may consider having the home evaluated by a certified mold inspection professional to determine if mold or conditions favorable to mold growth are present.
Can air ducts become contaminated with mold?
Yes. Air duct systems can become contaminated with mold. Duct systems may be constructed of bare sheet metal, sheet metal with fibrous glass insulation on the exterior, or sheet metal with an internal fibrous glass liner, or they may be made entirely of fibrous glass. Bare sheet metal systems and sheet metal with exterior fibrous glass insulation can be cleaned and disinfected. If water damaged, ductwork made of sheet metal with an internal fibrous glass liner or made entirely of fibrous glass will often need to be removed and discarded. Ductwork in difficult-to-reach locations may have to be abandoned. If you have other questions, contact an air duct cleaning professional or licensed contractor.
Can ozone air cleaners help remove indoor mold or reduce odors?
Sometimes air cleaners are promoted to remove indoor mold or associated odors, and some of these are designed to produce ozone. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that is used as a disinfectant in water and sometimes to eliminate odors. However, ozone is a
known lung irritant. Ozone generators have been shown to sometimes produce indoor levels above the safe limit. Furthermore, it has been shown that ozone is not effective in controlling molds and other microbial contamination, even at concentrations far above safe health levels. Also, ozone may damage materials in the home, for example, cause rubber items to become brittle. For these reasons, the California Department of Health Services strongly recommends that you NOT use an ozone air cleaner in any occupied space. Refer to the CDHS IAQ Info Sheet: Health Hazards of Ozone-generating Air Cleaning Devices (January 1998), available on the CDHS-IAQS web site.
How can I prevent indoor mold problems in my home?
Inspect your home regularly for the indications and sources of indoor moisture and mold. Take steps to eliminate sources of water as quickly as possible. If a leak or flooding occurs, it is essential to act quickly :
Stop the source of leak or flooding.
Remove excess water with mops or wet vacuum.
Whenever possible, move wet items to a dry and well ventilated area or outside to expedite drying. Move rugs and pull up areas of wet carpet as soon as possible.
Open closet and cabinet doors and move furniture away from walls to increase circulation.
Run portable fans to increase air circulation. Do NOT use the homes central blower if flooding has occurred in it or in any of the ducts. Do NOT use fans if mold
may have already started to grow -- more than 48 h since flooding.
Run dehumidifiers and window air conditioners to lower humidity.
Do NOT turn up the heat or use heaters in confined areas, as higher temperatures increase the rate of mold growth.
If water has soaked inside the walls, it may be necessary to open wall cavities, remove baseboards, and/or pry open wall paneling.
USEFUL PUBLICATIONS
Links to the following documents can be found at http://www.cal-iaq.org.
General Information
Molds, Toxic Molds, and Indoor Air Quality. Detailed overview for the legislature by the California Research Bureau.
Biological Pollutants in Your Home. Concise booklet by U.S. EPA and ALAaimed at affected homeowner.
Mold and Moisture. Appendix H in the U.S. EPA IAQ Tools for Schools Clean-up Guidance
Repairing Your Flooded Home. Excellent resource by the American Red Cross and FEMA, with details on technical & logistical issues. Guidelines on Assessment and
Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments. Widely referenced guidelines developed by the New York City Department of Health. Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. Valuable, new guidance by U.S. EPA, also applicable to residences. Consultants, Laboratories & Clinics CDHS Listing of Consultants Offering IAQ Services in California. Self - reported database of contractors. CDHS List of Laboratories for Bioaerosol (Mold) Testing. Identifies labs providing bioaerosol testing.
Association of Occupational & Environmental Clinics. www.aoec.org.
Additional Information:
U.S. EPA IAQ INFO, 800-438-4318, 9 am to 5 pm, Eastern Time, www.epa.gov/iaq/